{"id":286455,"date":"2024-07-10T06:16:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-10T03:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sana.sy\/tr\/?p=286455"},"modified":"2025-01-26T15:20:27","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T12:20:27","slug":"samin-yedi-kapisi-eskiligine-ve-ozgunlugune-bir-taniktir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.sana.sy\/tr\/?p=286455","title":{"rendered":"\u015eam’\u0131n Yedi Kap\u0131s\u0131…. Eskili\u011fine Ve \u00d6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Bir Tan\u0131kt\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u015eAM (SANA)<\/strong> <\/span>– Eski \u015eam, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski \u015fehirlerinden biri olan Suriye ba\u015fkenti \u015eam’\u0131n antik tarihi par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilir ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski ba\u015fkenti olarak kabul edilir.\u015eam, MS 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Listesi’ne tescil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eam \u015fehri bir surla \u00e7evrilidir ve sur i\u00e7indeki meskenleri korumak i\u00e7in \u00fczerine yedi kap\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece bu kap\u0131lardan ba\u015fka kimse \u015fehre ula\u015famaz. \u0130bn Asaker, \u015eam\u2019\u0131n Tarihi kitab\u0131nda diyorki\u2019\u2019 \u015eam’\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131, yedi gezegenin ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her kap\u0131n\u0131n temsil etti\u011fi gezegenin bir resmi vard\u0131r. Bu kap\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 Yunan ve Roma d\u00f6nemlerine kadar dayanmaktad\u0131r.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

Gezegenlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri bu kap\u0131larda mevcutt\u0131: Sat\u00fcrn Kisan Kap\u0131s\u0131nda, g\u00fcne\u015f \u015earki kap\u0131s\u0131nda, Ven\u00fcs Tuma Kap\u0131s\u0131nda, Ay Cenik Kap\u0131s\u0131nda, Merk\u00fcr El Feradis Kap\u0131s\u0131nda, J\u00fcpiter Cabiye Kap\u0131s\u0131nda, ve Mars El Bab El Sair Kap\u0131s\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

\u015eu anda bu kap\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve yerini binalar, yollar veya pazarlar ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011flar boyunca \u015eam Duvar\u0131’n\u0131n t\u00fcm kap\u0131lar\u0131 on kap\u0131y\u0131 ge\u00e7memi\u015ftir ve bu kap\u0131lar \u015funlard\u0131r: Bab \u015earki, Bab Tuma, Bab Cenik, Bab El Salam, Bab El Feradis, Bab El Faraj, Bab El Nasir, Bab El Cabiye, Bab El Sa\u011fir, Bab Kisan. Ancak zamanla bu kap\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f ve yerini binalar, yollar veya pazarlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da hala mevcut kap\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u015eam\u2019\u0131n yedi kap\u0131lar\u0131 nelerdir:<\/p>\n

1- Tuma Kap\u0131s\u0131:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Kassa mahallesinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda, eski \u015fehrin kuzeydo\u011fu taraf\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Orijinal yedi b\u00f6l\u00fcmden biridir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck Romal\u0131lara atfedilir. Orijinal ad\u0131 Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda a\u015fk ve g\u00fczellik tanr\u0131s\u0131 VEN\u00dcS yani \u00e7i\u00e7ek idi. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kap\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 St.Thomas ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kap\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birinde Yunan harfleriyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yaz\u0131t bulunmu\u015ftur ve bu, orijinal kap\u0131n\u0131n Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yeniden in\u015fa edilmeden \u00f6nce Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eam’\u0131n fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Komutan \u015eerhabel bin Hasne bu kap\u0131dan girmi\u015f ve onunla birlikte \u00e7e\u015fitli sava\u015flar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kap\u0131, dikd\u00f6rtgen savunma ni\u015fleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in Eyyubiler d\u00f6nemi askeri tesislerinden biri olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 20’li ve 30’lu y\u0131llar\u0131nda Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n Suriye’yi i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda cami ve ard\u0131ndan minare kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bab Tuma’n\u0131n \u00fcst lentosundaki yaz\u0131t, kap\u0131n\u0131n restorasyonunun Meml\u00fbk d\u00f6nemine tarihlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu kap\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 4,38 m, geni\u015fli\u011fi 3,22 m, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 7 m’dir ve \u015fehir i\u00e7ine bakan sivri bir kubbe ile \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

2- Cabiye Kap\u0131s\u0131: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Eski Kent’in bat\u0131 yakas\u0131nda, \u015fimdiki Midhat Pa\u015fa \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015finde yer al\u0131r. J\u00fcpiter, antik kentin bat\u0131 taraf\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve orijinal yedi kap\u0131dan biridir. Romal\u0131lar bunu yasaklad\u0131lar ve Mars gezegenine atfettiler ve kap\u0131n\u0131n bu isimle, Hauran b\u00f6lgesindeki Jabiya tepesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buradan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ona ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015f olan bu kap\u0131, ortada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kap\u0131 ve bunun iki yan\u0131nda daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck iki\u015fer kap\u0131 olup, do\u011fu kap\u0131s\u0131na d\u00fcz bir sokaktan ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u015eam’\u0131n Arap \u0130slam fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, lider Ebu Ubeyda El Cerrah girdi. 1.560 \/ M. 1165’te kap\u0131y\u0131 ve etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen duvar\u0131 restore eden Nureddin’in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde kap\u0131n\u0131n orta ve kuzey a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra, Eyyubi devleti d\u00f6neminde El-Melik el-Adil’in o\u011flu Kral Sharaf al-Din Isa’n\u0131n restorasyonu olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer restorasyonlar izledi.<\/p>\n

3- Kisan Kap\u0131s\u0131:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Eski \u015fehrin g\u00fcneydo\u011fu ucunda, eski \u015fehir duvar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, sanayi b\u00f6lgesi, eski Yahudi Mahallesi ve Hassan al-\"\"Kharrat d\u00f6ner kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. (Kiliseye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen kap\u0131), orijinal ad\u0131 (Sat\u00fcrn) olup, Yunan inanc\u0131nda tar\u0131m, zaman ve alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f tanr\u0131s\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak Sat\u00fcrn anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda Kaysun Kap\u0131s\u0131 olarak da an\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u00f6\u015fesinin en u\u00e7 noktas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve MS 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Suriye imparatorlar\u0131 Septimius Severus ve Caracalla zaman\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen kap\u0131, Bizans d\u00f6neminde (Aziz Paul Kap\u0131s\u0131) olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Asaker, History of Damascus adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda diyor ki: “Muaviye bin Ebi S\u00fcfyan’\u0131n azatl\u0131 k\u00f6lesi Kisan’dan sonra ona Bab Kisan ad\u0131 verildi.”<\/p>\n

Sultan Nureddin Mahmud ibn Zengi taraf\u0131ndan kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve vajinaya a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131 nedeniyle kap\u0131y\u0131 bloke etmi\u015f, daha sonra MS 1364 y\u0131l\u0131nda Meml\u00fbkler devrinde yenilenerek a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. MS 1925’te Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n Suriye’yi i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda kap\u0131 yenilenmi\u015f ve MS 1939’da i\u00e7ine Havari Aziz Paul ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kilise in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu, Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendis Dolory taraf\u0131ndan St. Paul’\u00fcn ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f hikayesinin bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak planland\u0131.<\/p>\n

4- El Cenik \u00a0Kap\u0131s\u0131:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Orijinal ad\u0131 Bab al-Qamar olan bu kap\u0131, orijinal yedi kap\u0131dan biridir.\u015eehrin kuzey taraf\u0131nda, kuzey sur duvar\u0131nda, Bab al-Faradis ile Bab Touma aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uzun zaman \u00f6nce kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve camiye \u00e7evrilmi\u015f bir kilisesi varm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra caminin yerine konutlar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge bug\u00fcn El Farayen mahallesi olarak biliniyor, ancak bu kap\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 izleri, \u00f6zellikle kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki kemer olmak \u00fczere duvar\u0131n duvar\u0131nda hala g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor.<\/p>\n

5- \u015earki Kap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eam’\u0131n eski \u015fehrinin do\u011fu giri\u015finde yer almaktad\u0131r. Kap\u0131, geni\u015f ortas\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fine yarayan \u00fc\u00e7 giri\u015ften olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Romal\u0131lara atfedilir ve MS 2. ve 3. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Septimius Severus ve Caracalla d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edildi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r. O d\u00f6nemden kalan tek kap\u0131d\u0131r. Romal\u0131larda Yunan tanr\u0131s\u0131 Helos veya Sol taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen g\u00fcne\u015f gezegenine ba\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn Asaker diyor ki: Yunanl\u0131lar do\u011fu kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ta\u00e7 kemerinin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki ta\u015fa g\u00fcne\u015f kursu \u015feklinde bir yaz\u0131t \u00e7izdiler ve buna inand\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu yaz\u0131tlar Roma d\u00f6neminde de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bu kap\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015eam’\u0131n eski \u015fehrinde bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya uzanan ve Bab El Cabiye ile Bab Sharqi aras\u0131nda kalan geni\u015f bir ana cadde vard\u0131r. Bu cadde 1500 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki d\u00fcz caddesiyle \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc ve ortadaki kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na denk gelen geni\u015f bir yoldan olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n

6- Bab El Faradis:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Orijinal ad\u0131 Merk\u00fcr’d\u00fcr ve Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kendisine benzeyen tanr\u0131 Merk\u00fcr’e benzeyen t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ve paran\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve yollar\u0131n ve kervanlar\u0131n koruyucusu tanr\u0131 Hermes ile temsil edilir.<\/p>\n

Orijinal yedi kap\u0131dan biridir ve \u015fehrin kuzey taraf\u0131nda, yani kuzey sur i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r ve \u015fu anda Amarah \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve al-Fradis Roma dilinde bah\u00e7eler anlam\u0131na gelir. Kap\u0131ya, kuzey taraf\u0131nda, duvar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan meyve bah\u00e7eleri ve mezarl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 bu ad verilmi\u015ftir. \u00a0\u015eam’\u0131n \u0130slami fethi s\u0131ras\u0131nda komutan Amir \u0130bn El As \u00a0o kap\u0131dan girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn halk aras\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu mahalleye istinaden Bab\u00fc’l-\u0130mare ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu kap\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar demir z\u0131rhla kapl\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00fczerinde belirsiz bir kitabe vard\u0131r. Halen Amarah \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer almakta olup, d\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131 d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar, i\u00e7 taraf\u0131 ise evlerle \u00e7evrilidir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0130bn Asaker’in kitab\u0131nda, Rumlar\u0131n bu kap\u0131ya, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyormu\u015f gibi ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ne e\u011fik bir insan suretini ald\u0131klar\u0131 rivayet edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

7- El Sa\u011fir Kap\u0131s\u0131:<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"\u015eagur mahallesinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda, \u015eam’\u0131n eski \u015fehrinin g\u00fcney taraf\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve yenilenmi\u015ftir ve Yunanl\u0131lar bunu kendilerinden \u00f6nceki J\u00fcpiter’e atfetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kap\u0131 ilk olarak Aramiler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra Seleukoslar d\u00f6neminde Zeus’a ithaf edilmi\u015ftir. Roma d\u00f6neminde, kap\u0131 J\u00fcpiter’e adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Arap \u0130slam’\u0131n \u015eam’\u0131 fethinde halife Muaviye bin Ebi S\u00fcfyan’\u0131n karde\u015fi lider Yezid bin Ebi S\u00fcfyan girdi.<\/p>\n

Nureddin zaman\u0131nda kap\u0131 yenilenmi\u015f, cami, minare ve pa\u015fahane yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kap\u0131y\u0131 ve onu \u00e7evreleyen duvar\u0131 etkileyen en \u00f6nemli onar\u0131mlardan biri, Eyyubi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 623 H. \/ 1226’da b\u00fcy\u00fck Kral \u0130sa’n\u0131n restorasyonuydu.<\/p>\n

Buradan Meml\u00fbklar devrinde H. 803 \/ M.S. 1401 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tatarlar Timurlenk \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u015eam’a bask\u0131n yapt\u0131lar. Kap\u0131, \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu adla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n